STRATEGIC ORIENTATIONS

July 2004

-FSP 2000-85 Assistance with the control of work under development management and urban -Embassy of France to Kampuchea

-Office of the urban Businesses Municipality of Phnom Penh

-DIRECTING DIAGRAM OF TOWN PLANNING MUNICIPALITY OF PHNOM PENH ;

Introduction

The Municipality of Phnom Penh undertook since October 2002 the preparation of the directing Diagram of town planning of the capital by 2020 in accordance with the circular No 2 of the office of the Council of Ministers on the City planning, January 15, 1996 .

The Convention of financing between the Kingdom of Kampuchea and the French Republic , signed on March 7, 2002 , specifies the means placed at the disposal by Kampuchea and France to assist the Kampuchean authorities in this strategic reflexion which interests the local and national authorities.

This work lies within the scope of a step more total company by the Government to install the legal and institutional tools intended to manage the Regional planning.

By entrusting the coordination of this task to the Office of the Urban Businesses (BEAM) of the Municipality of Phnom Penh, with the participation of the cabinet of the Governor, the municipal departments and the local levels ( khan and sangkat ), it was a question of using an institutional tool to create in 1994 to produce a strategic reflexion on the development of the capital which will have moreover to be used as model for the planning of the secondary cities. Thus, the experience gained by the multi-field team of the BEAM of Phnom Penh could be used in support with the authorities of the other Provinces and Municipalities of Kampuchea in the establishment of their documents of city planning.

A statutory recognition of the Office of the urban businesses by the ministry for the Interior, within the framework of the special statute which must be conferred on the capital, will facilitate its role of coordination near the sectoral ministries and the decentralized and decentralized services of the State.

Context of the city planning

The preceding experiments as regards city planning of Phnom Penh have been numerous for one century, but one only led to a decision: the directing Diagram of town planning prepared by the Chauchon cabinet, adopted by the ministry for Agriculture on April 6, 1950 .

This diagram was the principal tool of orientation of the urban development of the period which extends from Independence to the war. This document of general planning was used as guide for the urbanistic regulation adopted in 1956 like for all the great projects of installation (Olympic Stage, royal Université of Phnom Penh, Borey Keyla, allotments around the Olympic Stage, Toul Kork…). The architects of this period could develop their art within the framework planned by the State with the service of the great ambitions of the independent country.

However, this planning which fell under restricted territorial limits (a territory a little broader than the four khan central of today) was largely exceeded as of the Sixties by the urban extensions.

Since the Seventies until today, the attempts at definition of a city planning fell through all, fault of sufficient competences available or because of institutional contexts remained a long time unstable.

Today; the institutional stability of Kampuchea and the mobilization of the Kampuchean technical skills to the oe uvre make it possible to again consider the establishment of a planning strategic and the installation of tools legislature, institutional and financier for the development of the capital.

The objective of the directing diagram of town planning of Phnom Penh is to propose a framework of territorial planning which takes into account the dimension of the urbanization which exceeds already the current limits of Municipality (375 km 2 ), and to give fresh impulse for an urban development which corresponds to qualities and the ambitions of this new period of urban growth. It is thus a question of recreating a framework which provides the conditions of the development in a context which offers opportunities much broader than before, as well on the technical level as financial.

Indeed, the context of the space development changed scale. The development in continuous agglomeration ("oil spot ") of the preceding diagrams is called into question by linear developments which are related on the new means of communication (motor bikes, cars) and to the scaling of the infrastructures, of which mainly the effect of the dam of Kop Sreu, built in the north of the city at the beginning of the years 1970, which allowed an urban extension per piece ("skin of panther ") on vast at the same time urban and agricultural territory. The new establishments of the allotments and the factories are sometimes at several kilometers of the agglomeration, though according to beams' of development strongly correlated with the urban networks (electricity, drinking water, roads).

In addition, the fast development of Eastern Asia creates new concentrations of richnesses likely to be mobilized for the realization of great projects of urban development, great infrastructures or installation of structures of space management on broad scales. Phnom Penh will have to find the means of attracting these financings to put in oe uvre the projects most useful to its development. However, the risk would be to let itself guide by inclinations of the foreign investors and the risks of their volatile attitudes, according to economic situations', with the detriment of the main trends of the development decided by the authorities.

Lastly, the doubling at least of the population and surfaces to be urbanized from here 2020 imply the installation of great infrastructures and large equipment which structures space.

The political choice to direct the development towards the market economy (Constitution of 1993) and the acceleration of the possibility of home-ownership engaged within the framework of project LMAP of the ministry for the Construction and Town planning, Regional planning, forces to be interested in priority the delimitation of the public domain of the State, in order to hold spaces necessary for the great infrastructures, structuring condition of the economic and social development, even beyond the expiries suitable for the directing diagram of town planning of 2020. The study undertaken is thus targeted over the period 2005-2020, but includes/understands reflexions of framing of macro-regional level and on temporalities sometimes longer than those of the order itself.

Definition of the directing diagram of town planning

The directing diagram of town planning in preparation is a document in strategic matter which translates in space the ambitions of the development of the State by 2020 . Contrary to what is registered in the decree No 86 on the Permits building, it is preferable that the directing diagram of town planning is not opposable with the third in the approval of the permits building. Indeed, it is necessary to distinguish this document of nature strategic and carrying the orientations of the State on the long term, of the documents of management of the city to the daily newspaper which is interested in the interests of the private individuals who are the plan of detailed zoning and the urbanistic regulation of the districts. These prescriptive documents, which will be produced later on by the department of, Town planning, Construction and the Land register Regional planning (DATUCC) of the Municipality of Phnom Penh, will have on the other hand to be in conformity with the orientations of the directing diagram of town planning.

The cartography of the directing diagram of town planning itself will be produced on the scale of the 1/25.000 . This scale which comprises a margin of error of about 12,50 meters, does not allow for example an exact delimitation of the influences of the public domain: it is the role of the documents of nature lawful to fix the final delimitations (see for example the delimitation of the boeng Trabek, adopted by deka with the MPP at the end of 2003).

In the same way, this document will not produce the exact delimitation of each street of the city: it is the role of the DATUCC of the Municipality to carry out these documents and to control the coherence of the projects of allotment, in accordance with the directing diagram of town planning. On the other hand, all the great infrastructures of roadway systems of more than 20 meters, the layouts of the railroad, of the principal channels, lakes, port, stations, airport will be proposed in the directing diagram in order to provide the principal structure of the network of the public domain, essential condition of the urban development. In the same way, the preferential vocation of spaces will be spatialized. The urbanistic regulation by district which will be later on defined by the municipal services in dialogue with the population and the sangkat , in accordance with the Law No 0315/05 of 2001sur the "administrative Management of the khum / sangkat ", will specify the contents and the conditions of their establishment.

The introductory report of the directing diagram will be largely illustrated diagrams of more reduced scale (1/100.000 or 1/50.000) which define the principles of space development, without however that they can be regarded as prescriptive documents. Only the directing diagram to the 1/25.000 will have an applicable prescriptive value on the documents of lawful nature.

The directing diagram of town planning will comprise:

- prescriptive provisions, nonnegotiable, which relates to the public domain of the State and the inconstructibles zones. The directing diagram of town planning transcribed, on cartographic and written documents, constraints defined in the laws which have an effect on space installation. It supplements the range of the texts of laws in force, in particular by locating the principal constraints (public domain of the great infrastructures and the large equipment, air constraints (airport and hertzian). The directing diagram is used as reference document for all the documents of lawful nature which milked with space installation.

- recommendations to be put in oe uvre which belong to the territorial strategy of economic and social development of the State. This shutter of the directing diagram of town planning gives the visibility necessary on the future to direct the public and private investments, in particular those of the international financial backers. It takes part in the consistency of the interventions of the actors on the city, optimizes the effects of the investments and minimizes the risks for the investors.

Method of development of the directing diagram of town planning

The production process used for the definition of the directing diagram is as follows:

- White Paper (territorial urban diagnosis)

- Futurology 2020

- Draft of directing diagram of town planning for opinion of the Municipality (presentation at the Standing Committee and opinion of the Cabinet of the Governor and the municipal departments)

- directing diagram Draft of provisional town planning approved by the Municipality (approval in Standing Committee and by the Governor) and suggested at the Council of Ministers for opinion

- Adoption of the directing diagram of town planning 2020 in the Council of Ministers ( anukret ) after modifications

Once the adopted directing diagram, the local government will have to produce the lawful texts, to produce the detailed cartography (scale = 1/500 and 1/2.000 according to zones') for the various districts of the city, and to define the operational tools on the strategic sectors.

Equip

The whole of these elements has been founded on the reflexions carried out within the Office of the urban Businesses of the Municipality of Phnom Penh, with the support of the project of the French co-operation "Assistance with the control of work under development management and urban in Kampuchea ", on existing abundant documentation and of the particular analyses carried out for several months by a series of experts :

- Mr. Etienne BERTHON, town-planner, in charge of mission at the Institute of Adjustment and Town planning of the Area of Island - of-France: Metropolitan planning

- Mrs. Agnès CHAROUSSET, economist - town planner, in charge of mission to the national Federation of the Agencies of town planning (France): Markets land and real

- Dr. Valerie CLERK, town-planner, consultant and Miss Virginia RACHMUHL, sociologist, Grouping of Research and Technological Studies (GRET): land and real markets of the abstract districts

Mrs. Genevieve DANCHIN, economist - town planner, in charge of mission at the Institute of Adjustment and Town planning of the Area of Island - of-France: : Operations of urban development

- Dr. Alain Durand-lasserve, geographer, director of research in the National Scientific Research Center (France): Housing policy

- Mr. Jean-Marie FLEURY, engineer economist, director of LSL: Carriage of the goods

- Pr Charles GOLDBLUM, town-planner, Professor of the universities (French Institute of town planning, Paris VIII), director of research in the National Scientific Research Center (France): Metropolitan comparisons in Asia of South-east

- Mr. Philippe LECOINTE, economist, Consulting engineers and Economistes Associated (ICEA): Analyses legal and institutional of the urban services

- Mr. Pierre-Marie TRICAUD, engineer agronomist-landscape designer, in charge of mission at the Institute of Adjustment and Town planning of the Area of Island - of-France: Great landscape

- Dr. Vincent FOX, economist, director of research in the National Scientific Research Center (France), laboratory of économetrics of the Polytechnic School: Metropolitan economy

Object of the Note of strategic orientations

The inexistence of documents of territorial planning, however envisaged in the laws of creation of several sectoral ministries, obliges the Municipality of Phnom Penh to prepare a first document of framing for the preliminary validation of main strategic trends. Those are fixed according to economic and social dynamics and by the environmental constraints and physics defined by the State for the capital.

The object of this document is precisely to propose strategic orientations of the urban development in order to facilitate the decision-making of the Government on the choices which will have to be carried out within the framework of the preparation of the directing diagram of town planning of Phnom Penh. To facilitate the taking into account of the stakes, the present Note includes/understands reflexions on:

- the legal framework of the city planning,

- a regional framing,

- the organization of the urban development on a metropolitan scale

- the territorial management of the metropolis phnompenhoise,

- a summary of the key questions which require decision-makings on the orientations of the urban development

Population: 1.250.000 inhabitants, is 9,2 % of the population of Kampuchea. Demographic growth of 4,14 % per annum, is 50.000 people, from of which approximately a very poor third mainly resulting from the rural migration

Surface: 375 km 2 (either 0,2% of the own territory), of which a quarter urbanized

Annual municipal GDP of 1,3 Mds USD in 2003 either 28% GDP of Kampuchea, and an annual GDP of 1.000 USS per capita, or 4 times that in the remainder of the country.

Capital City: activities of services accounting for 58% of the municipal GDP; 46.000 civils servant of the State including 1/4 assigned to the Municipality;

Economic engine: 450.000 employment recorded for a working population of 700.000 people (14 - 65 years); 46% of the industrial activity and 38% of the activity of service of Kampuchea

Commercial city: 25.000 stands in the markets, 12.000 commercial establishments recorded

City of textile industry: 31% of the municipal GDP

City of the investment: 3/4 of the industrial investments of Kampuchea

Pole of transport: 3/4 of flows of transport of Kampuchea

International city: 950.000 passengers with the international airport: 1 era air destination in Kampuchea; 62 embassies and representations of international organizations

Tourist city: 7.500 guest-houses and hotel rooms; twice more nights than Siem Réap;12 major places of interest: Royal palate, money Pagoda, Vat Ounalom, Vat Phnom, Monument of Independence, Olympic Stage, national Museum, central Market, green Castings (banks of Sap, esplanade of the station, esplanade of the crowned pond, gardens of Hun SEN, gardens of Chrouy Changvar), Museum of Génocide de Toul Sleng, Memorial of the victims of the Khmer Rouges with Choeung Ek, colonial District

University town: 21.000 students including 1/3 in the public universities

A-With - legal Framework of the city planning

A.1 –principal texts of reference

The principal legislative texts and lawful adoptees who have implications on the territorial planning of Phnom Penh are as follows:

•  Constitution of Kampuchea of 1993

•  Law on the organization of the Provinces and Municipalities (1994)

•  Law on the protection of the Inheritance (1996)

•  Revision of the Constitution in 1999

•  Law of, town planning and the construction regional planning of May 23, 1994

•  Law on the administrative management of Khum/Sangkat, NS/RKM/0301/05, 2001

•  Law 196/1996sur the creation of and Transport, the public ministry Ministry of Labour for Industry, the Mines and Energy, the Department of the Environment

•  Decree on the permits building (86/1997)

•  Law 699/1999 on the creation of the ministry for the water Resources and Meteorology, and the ministry for the Construction and Town planning, Regional planning

•  Decree of creation of the ministry for the Construction and Town planning, Regional planning

•  Law on the Real estate 2001 which amends the land law of 1992, and its decrees of application

•  Prakas (Declaration) No 6 on the reservations of ground for the roads and the railroads

•  Law on the environmental protection and the natural stock management

•  Anukret relating to the control of the harmful effect and air pollution caused by the noises

•  Circular No 2 of January 15, 1996 of the Cabinet of the Council of Ministers

A.2 –general Principles drawn from the legislation

The State is in charge of planning and territorial management (Constitution of 1993). It is charged "to defend the environment and the balance of the natural resources and to plan management in particular grounds, water, air, wind, ecological system (…), energy, oil, gas, stones and sands (…), fish and resources watery " (Article 57 of the Constitution). The State has moreover "the duty to safeguard and protect the old monuments, the ancient objets d'art and to restore the historic sites " (Article 69 of the Constitution). These various aspects are the subject of a space transcription, in particular by constraints, within the framework of the directing diagram of town planning.

The Constitution comprises also several articles on the economic development "the Kingdom of Kampuchea applies the system of the market economy " (Article 56)"the State encourages the economic development in all the fields in particular agriculture, the craft industry, industry (…) by taking account of the policy of irrigation, electrification, transport, the modern techniques and the system of credit. "(Article 61). The role of the State is thus to facilitate the operation of the market while putting pursuant to the policies of infrastructure and equipment necessary to reinforce the capacities of the economic development. It is thus mainly on the infrastructures that the State will concentrate its efforts as regards space planning, in relation to the development prospects economic and social.

A.3 –To locate the public domain

The current period is marked by the very ambitious project led by the ministry for the Construction and Town planning, Regional planning which consists in restoring the systematic land register. The land question revêt a very significant character because "law of private property remainder under the protection of the law. The withdrawal of this right to an unspecified individual can be done only for reasons of public utility stipulated in the law, with the help of a right compensation regulated in advance. "(Article 44 of the Constitution). The fixing of the private property initially implies to delimit its corollary, the public domain, by inalienable and imprescriptible nature (article 16 of the law on the Real estate).

"the state-owned properties include/understand in particular the ground, the basement (…), the airspace, the islands, the rivers, the channels, the brooks, the lakes, (…) the natural resources, the economic and cultural centers, the bases of national defense and other constructions belonging to the State " (art.58 of the Constitution). This list is included and supplemented in the law on the Real estate of 2001:

"Enter the public domain of the State and the public people, the following goods:

•  All the goods which have a natural origin, such forests, navigable or floatable rivers, natural lakes, banks of the navigable and floatable rivers and shores of the sea;

•  All the goods which were the subject of special installations for a general utility the such quays of the ports, the railways, the stations and the airports;

•  All the goods which were placed at the disposal of the public, in the natural state or after installation, the such roads, ways and access roads, the public gardens and parks, and their dependences;

•  All the goods which were assigned to the operation of a public utility, such public schools or buildings of state education, administrative buildings and public hospitals;

•  All the goods which constitute natural reserves protected by the law;

•  The archaeological, cultural and historical inheritance;

•  The real goods which are royal goods which do not constitute private real goods of the members of the royal family. It is allocated to the king reigning to manage the real royal goods. "(Article 15 law on the real estate)

•  In the same way, "the goods of the pagodas are inalienable and imprescriptible (Article 21 law on the real estate).

The directing diagram must thus identify and locate the public domain which will be then delimited in detail within the framework of documents of lawful nature.

 A.4 - ministerial documents of framing of the directing diagram of town planning

The majority of the sectoral ministries have the responsibility to define the documents of sectoral planning which can have effects on territorial planning:

The MATUC is charged to lead and manage the questions relating to the regional planning, town planning, construction and the land register except specific institution authorized by the Government. It has the role of proposing and of setting up the policy of regional planning to balance the rural and urban development and to distribute the growth, to lead prospective studies and analyses on the regional planning, to make proposals and to ensure the installation of the regulations necessary for the policy of regional planning; to put forward policies, programs and suitable measures favorable to the improvement of land; to keep a oe it on the coherence of the sectoral policies between them. To date, the MATUC did not produce a document on the coherence of the sectoral policies, the futurology or the policy of regional planning, likely to give orientations for the directing diagram of Phnom Penh.

The national plan of the Environment and the regional plan of the Environment are decided by the royal Government on proposal of the Department of the Environment. The national plan and the regional plan must determine the significant problems of the environment and the significant problems of natural stock management for the socio-economic development and take measurements tending to ensure the management of the environment (law on the environmental protection). To date none of these documents of planning on the Environment, no list of the parks or area of protection of the landscapes on Phnom Penh was established by royal decree and no inventory was established on Phnom Penh by the Department of the Environment concerning the environmental protection.

In the same way, to date no asset cultural piece of furniture or building located in the perimeter of the Municipality of Phnom Penh, that it is public property or private, archeological site, anthropological or historical, whose protection is of public interest from the point of view of science, the history, art or the religion, was fixed by anukret or was registered with the Inventory (law on the protection of the cultural inheritance of 1996).

The regional study of the economic Corridor of development between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville, realized for the ministry for the Trade with the support of the Japanese co-operation in 2003, brings elements of economic framing, but its proposals are very limited on Phnom Penh.

The majority of the other ministries did not produce any document of territorial planning which could be used as a basis for orientations for the development of Phnom Penh (Industry, Mines and Energy; Agriculture, rural Development, water Resources and Meteorology, Health, Education Youth and Sports, Tourism…).

The directing diagram of Phnom Penh does not profit thus from any document of orientation laid down by the laws of creation of the sectoral ministries which must fix the national directives for the space development of the capital. The Municipality of Phnom Penh cannot replace the prerogatives of the Government. This is why the Municipality of Phnom Penh proposes with the Government this note strategic Orientations to collect the decisions which are currently lacking.

 A.5 - documents of territorial planning of local scale

Documents of planning on a local scale exist or are in preparation:

- the directing diagram of transport adopted by the Municipality in 2001 defines a limited prospective vision of Phnom Penh and proposes an action plan for the roadway systems, the parking, the traffic, the road stations. This technical study is however founded on a growth of the population of 13% lower than that laid down by the National Institute of the Statistics for 2015, without justification. The variation of population is about 200.000 inhabitants. In addition, this document does not take into account the traffic of the goods in the city, which however constitutes a major constraint with which the growth of the city will be confronted. Moreover, the analysis of the traffic does not give an indication on the reservations of influences necessary beyond 2015, which is particularly detrimental during this time of installation of the land register. Lastly, the question of collective transport was undervalued while being based on analyses under estimated municipal GDP and growth of the population. Serious modifications will have to be made to this document once adopted the directing diagram of town planning.

- the directing diagram of solid waste was recently adopted with the assistance of the Japanese co-operation. This document shows the assumptions under estimated growth of the population resulting from the directing diagram of transport. It locates a new discharge while being based on a German study of 1996 without update of the criteria of localization. The new discharge is located along a new axis of southern entry of the metropolis, which will be detrimental for the image of the capital and becomes already constraining for the acquisition of the grounds. The direct consequence this choice of localization is a reduction of the size of the discharge with less than half initially envisaged by the consultant, thus limiting his capacity and its duration. An approach urbanistic, environmental and landscape broader than that carried out within the framework of this study will have to be carried out for recadrer this directing diagram of waste. It will also be necessary to take again the whole of the figures used for the futurology (to add 200.000 inhabitants in 2015 with a localization to be redefined) in order to dimension the infrastructures in a more realistic way.

- the directing diagram of the drainage and cleansing JICA 1999 is not actually a document of planning, but a document of programming for actions in the short and medium term which essentially takes again the proposals put forth by the Desaix agency in 1995. This programming was used to engage of significant work on the city (dam of Kop Sreu and Tumpun, channels and pumps of boeng Tumpun, Stung Meanchey and boeng Saleng, pumps and channels of the boeng Trabek). It misses there however the overall planning which proposes the organization and the dimensioning of the channels and the lakes of the municipality in order to facilitate the land investment and the development of the urbanization in the suburbs, in particular to hold the influences of the channels and the lakes of essential drainage to face the risks of flood related to the storms.

- the programming of the extensions of the drinkable water supply network for 2003 -2008 constitute significant indications on the strategy of development of the Control of Water, privileging the zones having industries to finance the extensions of the centres of populations, including in the poorest districts of the capital. The directing diagram of town planning takes into account the priorities defined by this Publicly-owned establishment related to commercial, knowing that the extension of the drinkable water supply network has very direct effects on the localization of the urbanization.

The Municipality thus has some useful sectoral diagrams for the definition of the directing diagram of town planning. But they comprise great gaps and do not have coherence between them. The elements of futurology on which they are based do not correspond to the choices establishes by State (INS). The directing diagram of town planning will be used as framework of reference for recalibrer each one of these sectoral documents.

A.6 –Responsibilities for the Municipality of Phnom Penh

The Municipality of Phnom Penh is placed under the supervision of the ministry for the Interior for (…) improving the living conditions of the population. The Municipality fixes the political, economic orientations and of regional planning. It must put in oe uvre measurements of safeguarding and protection of the national heritage and cultural and environment. It must protect the rights and freedom and organize the land reform and improve the living conditions of the citizens in the objective to develop the municipality, the district and the commune (law on the Role of the Provinces and Municipalités, 1994).

The law on L ` Regional planning and Town planning, as well as the circular No 2 of 1996 exit of the cabinet of the Council of Ministers relating to space Planning specified the procedures for the development and the adoption of the directing diagram of town planning. The creation of the MATUC in 1999 and the disappearance of the organizations in load of the regional planning did not give place to the definition of new procedures. The gap in the law created by this situation and the statute particular to define for the Capital imply a decision-making of the Government on the matter. It is proposed here the following procedure for the development and the adoption of the directing diagram of town planning of Phnom Penh:

1 –the Government orders with the ministry Interior to elect the Municipality of Phnom Penh to prepare the directing diagram of town planning. The Government specifies the contents: horizon 2020, scale 1/25.000, objective Generals.

2 - The ministry for the Interior seizes the municipality of Phnom Penh to make prepare the directing diagram of town planning by the Office of the urban Businesses of the Municipality of Phnom Penh. This task implies the adoption of a new statute for the Office of the urban Businesses in accordance with the particular function of the Capital.

3 –a municipal Commission is created. It is in charge of the follow-up of the development of the directing diagram of town planning. This commission chaired by the Governor of Phnom Penh and vice-chaired by the vice-governor in charge of Town planning includes/understands the directors of the following departments: Finances, Regional planning, Public works, Environment, Industry, Health, Education, Trade, Resources water, Agriculture, rural Development, Culture and Art schools, Tourism, as well as the director of the Control of water, the director of EDC, the President of the royal University of Phnom Penh, the president of the royal Academy of Phnom Penh, the director of the Civil aviation, the director of the Company of the royal railroads of Kampuchea, the director of the national Institute of oil, the director of the Port authority of Phnom Penh, heads of the seven khan , the principal private secretary, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Phnom Penh. This commission meets at least once per month to follow the file of development of the directing diagram of town planning.

4–a national Commission is created for the follow-up of the development of the directing diagram of the Capital. This commission gathers the directors of the departments in charge of the planning of the Ministries concerned, as well as a representative of the following organizations: The Council of Ministers, the Council for the Development of Kampuchea, APSARA, OBSES, royal Railroads of Kampuchea, EDC, Civil aviation, a representative of the Senate, a representative of the French National Assembly, a representative of the royal Palate, a representative of the Supreme Council of the national Culture, a representative of the Committee of Mekong, a representative of the Council of the lawyers, a representative of the association of the engineers of Kampuchea, the director of the Institute National Statistics and any other organization considered to be useful by the Government. This commission will have to meet at least once per month for the follow-up of the development of the directing diagram.

The Government will have moreover to specify the consultation procedure of the administrations and the useful organizations for the recommendations and opinion on the two principal produced documents:Livre white, directing Schéma of town planning.

With the exit of these consultations, the directing diagram will be approved by Anoukret taken in the Council of Ministers.

A.7 - Contents of the directing diagram

The directing diagram of town planning must bring the elements of framing making it possible the Municipality of Phnom Penh to prepare the plan of municipal development which specifies "the infrastructures, the network of roadway system, the commercial zones, the industrial parks, the hotels, the tourist centers, the road stations, the railway stations, the airports, the schools, the monasteries boudhist S, public administrations, police stations, zones military, environmental zones, parks, discharges, tanks for the sewers, the drinkable water supply network, the electrical supply network, development areas, forests, lakes, rivers, residential zones, cultivable grounds… "(law on the Regional planning and town planning).

The directing diagram does not include/understand the official documents which will have to be produced by the Municipality of Phnom Penh on the basis of directing diagram of urbanizes. It is about plan of alignments, plan of zoning, plan of tourist, plane development of protection and development of the historical, plane center of protection against the sound harmful effects, plan of safeguarding and development of the environment, plan of the inconstructibles zones (natural zones of protection, zones agricultural, forests, mines which cannot be reallocated, natural sites like the beaches, the banks of rivers, the channels, the lakes for patrimonial reasons and of environmental quality , easily flooded zones to protect for reasons from drainage from rain water, and to prevent the floods), plan height for each sangkat and the maximum height, which must be lower than the maximum height allowed in the plan height, in order to preserve the historical sanctuaries, the natural sites and the zones located near complexes of historical temples or to preserve the visual landscape around the complex of temple or of the exceptional landscapes, plan of the zones of urbanization for which the general regulation on constructions can apply, plan of the zones to which a special regulation can apply after consultation of the population and of coordination with the sangkat , detailed plan of the roadway systems,

The directing diagram of town planning does not include/understand either the sectoral directing diagrams.

On the other hand, it provides the sectoral elements of orientations. The sectoral directing diagrams (drinking water, drainage system, drainage, electricity, roadway systems, transport, street lighting, telecommunications, environment, health, education, culture, tourism, agriculture…) will have to be modified thereafter to be in conformity with the directing diagram of town planning.

B.1 - a small capital of the Southeast Asia which must concern the significant challenges

With 1 250 000 inhabitants ¹ and his position relative with the variation of great flows of the world economy, Phnom Penh remains a modest city compared with the large metropolises of the Southeast Asia which are Djakarta, Manila, Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh Ville or Singapore. It must raise of the significant challenges to reaffirm its place and its identity in regional space, to better fall under the networks of exchanges, to reinforce its assets of attractivity and competitiveness.

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1: The agglomeration counts approximately 150 000 additional inhabitants apart from the municipality, primarily on Takmau and along main roads 1, 4, 5 and 6.
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B.2 - the dimension of the regional planning

Phnom Penh is the only significant city of a country still primarily rural. Kampuchea counts in 2004 nearly a quarter the urban ones, according to projections which one can draw from the new fashion of calculation of the INS on the population of the urban centres resulting from the census of 1998. The agglomeration of Phnom Penh accounts for 9,5 % of the population of the country, but 53% of the urban population of the country. Only the agglomerations of Beats Dambang, Siem Réab and Mongkol Borei (Sisophon), exceeds the 100 000 inhabitants. Sihanoukville (Mittapheap) is in fast growth (+ 14% per annum) and should soon catch up with the group of the first three secondary cities. Ten of other agglomerations accomodate between 25 and 60 000 inhabitants. All these cities are located on the few large axes of communication which structure the country.

The policy of regional planning should make it possible to reinforce this reinforcement of the secondary cities to allow a development more balanced and a better level of services for the whole of the territory. It is also a means of reducing the pressure of the demographic and urban growth which it is necessary to manage on Phnom Penh ² . The development of poles of support on the axis Phnom Penh –Sihanoukville is one of the elements of this policy in the south-west of the country. The forecasts of growth of the areas do not upset current balance. The area of the Plain would see its weight currently decreasing by 51% with 48% in 2020. Phnom Penh would have a growth much slower than the secondary cities. The principal stake of the development of the country will be in the installation of the secondary cities which will see their population quadrupling while the population of Phnom Penh does nothing but double.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2: currently the population of Phnom Penh increases approximately 50 000 inhabitants per annum, including 15.000 immigrants. Phnom Penh receives 20% of the interregional migrations, especially coming from the closest provinces.
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B.3 - a pole of service in the heart of a basin of 6 million inhabitants

It is significant to promote the development of the whole of the territory, the reinforcement of the role of the principal cities of the Provinces, the emergence of more balanced urban structure. But this policy should not be done with the detriment of the development of the assets of Phnom Penh to the service of the whole of the country, and in particular of the 6 million inhabitants, half of the population of the country, which lives in the area of the Plain, to less than 100 kilometers around the capital.

B.4 - Phnom Penh draws the development from Kampuchea . The investment for its levelling is necessary and profitable there

The functions of political and economic capital of Phnom Penh enable him to have a GDP from approximately 1,3 billion dollar (2003), 31% of the national GDP. That is to say approximately 1.000 $ per capita, 4 times more than the average of the other provinces. Phnom Penh is thus richer than the remainder of Kampuchea , but still quite poor. The GDP per capita in Bangkok is there more than 10 times superior ³ . If Phnom Penh is a place of relative concentration of richness, this richness is partly dependent on exogenic factors and it heavy problems should be managed there. As well for the collective interest as to reinforce the attractivity of the city, of the significant investments is necessary. One thus should not oppose the development of Phnom Penh , with that of the remainder of the country, with which capital is used it of window and economic engine (+ 12%/an of economic growth in Phnom Penh ). For a certain number of foreign investments, the choice is not between Phnom Penh and the province, but between Phnom Penh and the concurrent metropolises of the South-East Asia . effort of rebuilding of the infrastructures of Phnom Penh for ten years has represented more than 540 M USS, that is to say approximately 10 % of the national effort of rebuilding, including the international loans and gifts. It is thus not higher than the weight of the population of the municipality in the whole of the country. But it should be noted that the tripling of the GDP of Phnom Penh for ten years has shown the very strong profitability of the public investment ⁴ . Indeed, on the one hand the public investment supported the private investment: 1,5 Mds USD invested by the sector deprived according to CDC'S for which it is necessary to add the multitude of local investments lower than 1 million USD which must represented more of the double. transfers via the budget of the State and the transfers of money of the families, Phnom Penh contributes to height of more than 115 MUSD to the development of the provinces, that is to say 9% of its GDP. The economic development of Phnom Penh supports the development of the other provinces.

B.5 - need for a new framework of planning

Until in the Sixties, the urban development of Phnom Penh was framed by a rather strict physical planning (racks, great urban layouts…), partly determined by the search for control of the flood risk. Today, after a concentration ingérable of population taken refuge in first half of the Seventies (the city passed from 700 000 to 1,5 million inhabitants in 5 years), the major traumatism lived by the city in second half of the Seventies, a restarting from zero in the Eighties with very few means, an international opening and an acceleration of the handing-over with level starting from the middle of the Eighties ten, the city must now manage a strong growth, which is framed for the moment by no document of planning whereas the pressures of the urbanization are increasingly strong and that the projects multiply on an increasingly broad territory.

It is all the stake of the directing Diagram of town planning which to propose a framework of coherence for this development. It aims to lay down the orientations of the installation of Phnom Penh by 2020 and to create the conditions of a durable development for a gravitational, balanced and interdependent territory. It is advisable to think of the main trends on which he can be founded.

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3: the average GDP per capita is approximately 270 $ in Kampuchea , 400 in Vietnam and 2000 in Thailand (given 2000)

4: what is not the case of the investments carried out in the rural world, of course essential
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C - Some preliminary questions

C.1 - Phnom Penh is the capital of the Kingdom of Kampuchea (Article 6 of the Constitution)

The function of Capital implies that the central functions of the State must be localised in Phnom Penh , which determines administrative offices, legislative, legal and executive on the most level of the country.

That results in the presence of the royal Palate, the Senate, the French National Assembly, the Law courts, the presidency of the Council of Ministers, the constitutional Council, the Higher Council of the magistrature, the State major of the royal army Forces khmères, the Council of development of Kampuchea, the seats of all the ministries, the national Bank, the national Museum, the national Library, the Public records, the royal Academy of Kampuchea, it Olympic stage, the national Theatre, the seat of publicly-owned establishments in national matter like the royal Company of the railroads, Electricity of Kampuchea, oil national Authority of Kampuchea, the national Committee of Mekong, the red Cross of Kampuchea, Authority for safeguarding of the site and the adjustment of the area of Angkor, as well as the foreign representations (diplomatic (52 representations currently) and their agencies of co-operation (7 currently), representations of the multilateral organizations: The World Bank, International Monetary Funds International Monetary, Bank Asian of development, European Commission, the fourteen representations of the United Nations.

These functions determine single and undeniable highly strategic activities in the Kingdom which implies the reception of the representatives of the State. These functions require a high degree of representation, in particular as regards quality of space installation and urban management and safety. The quality of urban space takes part of the representation of national space near the international actors. Phnom Penh is the reflection of the quality of the national representation.

In addition, the administrative offices and the urban services of the capital mobilize a strong local institutional representation of which the Municipality of Phnom Penh, the Control of Water of Phnom Penh, the Port authority of Phnom Penh, the International airport of Pochentong, the Chamber of Commerce of Phnom Penh, the principal clubs of Businesses of the country, the international fair…

These central functions which gather more than 46.000 civils servant of which an affected quarter with the Municipality of Phnom Penh allow the development of a broad economic activity from which profits the private sector and who allows to accomodate according to international standards' the national and foreign delegations for the behaviour of the meetings, of all natures (congress of the ASEAN, world congress of Buddhism, sporting meetings, international fairs, spectacles…).

Localization of the central capacity induced the proximity of the central functions of the principal private companies established in the country. That partly explains the preferential localization of the processing and manufacture in Phnom Penh with about half of the industrial uses of the country.

The sector of the services (tourism, edition, lawyers, engineering and design departments, architects, auditors, services with the companies, trade, transport…), is particularly mobilized by the presence of the public and deprived decisional functions, thus gathering one the third of the uses of Kampuchea of this sector, whose majority of those which generate strongest more been worth (58% of the GDP of Phnom Penh are carried out in the activities of service).

The hotel sector offers more than 7.500 rooms (including more than 1.250 in hotel of international category, not included/understood apparts-hotels) and the sector of the restoration more than 17.500 places which make of Phnom Penh the first tourist city of Kampuchea , in spite of a cultural, landscape potential and leisures still largely under exploited. The new hotels in the course of construction or of extension (Naga, Phnom Penh Hotel, Royal Phnom Penh…) will increase the potential of reception quickly, in all the categories.

The only public universities and the principal private universities of the country are concentrated in Phnom Penh , for obvious reasons of need for geographical concentration of the educational means to make emerge a high level teaching before distributing it elsewhere in the country. The few 21.000 students and high-school pupils, of which the 2/3 are in private teaching, mobilize a considerable population of teachers.

Lastly, the presence of the 1.250.000 inhabitants for which it is necessary to add the pendular migrations (daily) of approximately 250.000 people constitutes a market of the consumption significant, broadest of the country, which generates a commercial activity consequent, gathered partly around the 41 markets (more than 25.000 stands), of a dozen shopping centres and supermarkets and tens of thousands of trade along the streets.

The transport sector of the goods and the passengers revêt a major importance to make possible the reception of the meetings international under the best conditions and the provisioning of the distribution networks. The recent experiments at the time of the presidency of the ASEAN by Kampuchea shows that the town of Phnom Penh already reached a high level of quality to accomodate these demonstrations. The urban development of the capital, in particular in terms of automobile traffic and environmental quality should not come to degrade this level.

In fact Phnom Penh is the pole of service of an area which gathers more than 6 million inhabitants in a radius of 100 km, which makes it comparable with the large metropolises of Asia of South-east. For example, the other cities in a similar ray gather: Bangkok 9 million inhabitants, Hanoi : 8 million inhabitants, Ho Chi Minh City : 7 million inhabitants, Singapore : 4 million inhabitants, Kuala Lumpur : 4 million inhabitants).

Phnom Penh generates a strong generating activity of richnesses which contrasts with the mean level observed elsewhere in the country. This production of richnesses, strongly dependent with the functions of the national representation contributes to the budget of the State in the form of various taxes and contributions. The strong solidarity of Phnom Penh with the other provinces and municipalities is supplemented by a market of consumption which constitutes the most significant outlet of the country for the agricultural producers of the provinces.

The futurology is founded on the elements one has today to apprehend the future. It is not a question here to carry out an academic reflexion which would tend to modify in-depth the nature of the urban development. The nature of the political régime, a pluralist democracy of liberal type (Constitution 1993) led rather to set up reforms which accompany the economic and social development. The orientations will be thus rather related on the good stock management, the profitability of the investments and the reinforcement of the attractivity to support employment and the investment.

Phnom Penh , except revolution, is and will remain the capital of Kampuchea (what is the case since 1862, without interruption). That gives him a place very particular and recognized by the authorities which must give him all the assets in particular as regards national representation. On the other hand its administrative limits can be wide for reasons of management of the urban services, economic effectiveness, social solidarity or for all other reasons of some nature that it is.

The objectives of development of the capital are with the junction between the economic development most effective, social solidarity mainly with poorest and protection and the development of the environment for a durable development for the future generations.

The decision of the government to direct in a preferential way productive activities towards the secondary cities, whose mainly Sihanoukville and the border areas for the market of export, will make it possible to better balance the development of the own territory and to reinforce the comparative advantages of Kampuchea. Thus, the industrial production, even heavy, should not be established in Phnom Penh when it is intended for export, but rather on the coast or near the borders.

In the same way, considering the exiguity of the municipal territory and its constraints related to the major risks, it is preferable to regard its urban agriculture as residual and mainly turned towards the production of market-gardening and piscicultural products intended for metropolitan consumption or export.

On the other hand, of the activities intended for the procurement of products of consumption for the metropolitan population will find its place in the suburbs of the city, since they are not polluting or nuisantes.

The rebuilding of the infrastructures Phnom Penh now arrived at a stage where the level of equipment of the city is quite higher than that of the Sixties - ten for an equivalent population. The efforts must be continued to give again with the capital of the services of international level.

The main part of the infrastructures will have to be carried out in suburbs whose population is already more significant than that of the four khans central. The growth of the population will be about 100.000 inhabitants in the four khans central against 900.000 in the three khans peripheral.

C.2 - Which principal functions for Phnom Penh ?

The principal function of Phnom Penh is related to its role of political capital and so that it induces directly (employment in the public office, representations diplomatic, international organizations, but also registered offices of the large companies…) and indirectly (services, logistics for the provisioning of the local market, hotel trade and restoration, edition, representations…). This function ensures a significant share of employment and municipal GDP in the sector of the services (58%) and gives to Phnom Penh a certain functional and economic stability. This role of capital induces a certain number of requirements as regards quality of urban offer and metropolitan management which must guide the orientations as regards planning.

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5: these industries represent approximately 31 % of the GDP of Phnom Penh and the other types of industries less than 4 %
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of formal employment (declared), a policy of diversification of the economic functions, including the reception of light industries and construction must be followed.

A particular mention must be made with the tourist activities. It should be recalled that tourist industry is the first branch of world activity. The function of capital, the integration of Kampuchea in the ASEAN and OMC, induce a significant activity of tourism of businesses. With more than 50% of, the 30% hotel rooms of the rooms in guest houses and 60% of the travel agencies of the country, Phnom Penh has a tourist activity (1 million nights) approximately twice higher than that of Siem Reap. Tourism of businesses of Phnom Penh has effects on the rise of cultural tourism of Siem Réap. However tourist industry is only embryonic in Kampuchea ⁶and completely remains to be built. Its archaeological inheritance, its landscapes, the possibilities of river tourism, its coastal spaces practically virgin, its good image of accomodating country and little densément populated, give him a strong potential of development. Phnom Penh, which has already tourism of businesses related to the function of capital and economic pole, can be also tomorrow a stage between cultural tourism with Angkor and tourism of relaxation and leisures in edge of sea, and must develop its assets. That passes of course by the need for an assumed policy of protection and development of a rich person heritage architectural and landscape, and of a particular urban environment who could be preserved until today.

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6:It accounts for approximately 11% of the GDP. The number of foreign visitors passed from approximately 300 000 in 1998 to 800 000 in 2002. In 2002, these visitors arrived at the two-thirds per plane (320 000 by Pochentong) and their expenditure in the country is estimated at 450 million USS. Source: Kingdom of Cambodia – Statistical Yearbook 2003
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C.3 - To reinforce the assets of attractivity and competitiveness of Phnom Penh

Phnom Penh has a certain number of comparative advantages, in particular the cost of land and labour, a correct accessibility at the international level⁷ and its position on the axis Bangkok –Ho Chi Minh Ville. But a certain number of weaknesses must be reduced, in particular the confidence still very weak of the investors ⁸, the high cost of energy and telecommunications, the lack of qualified hand of oe uvre.The fall of the productive private investments of more than 1 MUSD on Phnom Penh since 1999 ⁹ shows the urgency to consolidate its assets, even if the small local investments continue to grow. The priority of the Government given to the electric production (connection with Vietnam, new power stations, improvement of the network), the very fast increase in the subscribers of the companies of telephone and the fast improvement of the quality of the road network will appreciably reduce the costs in the next years reinforcing quickly the competitiveness of Phnom Penh. Still fragile economic takeoff to which one assists today will have to be consolidated by a better organization of urban space and the optimization of the capacities of the existing infrastructures of transport.

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7:airport of Pochentong and two accesses possible per boat with the ports of Sihanoukville and Phnom Penh

8:it is necessary to note, after the boom of the years 1995 to 1998, the strong fall of the investments in the recent years and the number of projects outstanding or abandoned.

9:Less than 50 million USS per annum these last years
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C.4 - balance between the external processes and interns

The production of the city is generated by two types of process:

- internal processes. It is all that meets directly the needs for the local populations and is more or less impelled by local actors: traditional houses, local compartments, networks and roadway systems, local equipment, gone…

- the external processes are the fact of investors, in particular foreign, who carry out specific products: international hotels, equipment of leisures, turns and office buildings, golfs, waterparks, zones of activities, schools international and kept residential districts…

These two processes are complementary and producers of richnesses and employment for the city, but can sometimes enter in competition on same spaces. There is in particular a risk of speculative monopolization of land by investors who can complicate the response to the local needs as regards housing, in particular for the poorest layers of the population.

A good articulation between these two processes, even a preferential localization of the tendencies will be included in the directing diagram. Thus one will create very gravitational places of reception for the turns in sectors presenting of better advantages of localization (great roadway systems, large perspective on the lakes north and Mekong…) and one will avoid the exogenic investments in the historical center.

 C.5 - Widening of the surface metropolitan and doubly foreseeable of its population by 2020: which territory of planning, which mode of gouvernance?

In terms of GDP, Phnom Penh accounts for approximately 31% of the GDP of Kampuchea, is approximately 1,3 annual Mds USD in 2003, which represents a GDP of about 1.000 USD per capita (either four times average GDP per capita of the remainder of Kampuchea). An extension of the administrative limits of Phnom Penh which incluerait the province of Kandal would make decrease to 450 USD the level of the annual GDP per capita of Phnom Penh, thus making the variation less strong with the remainder of the country (twice and half average GDP except Phnom Penh and Kandal).

The municipal territory is particularly exiguous in comparison with that of the metropolises of the area revealing Phnom Penh like a small city:

- Hanoi: 2,7 million inhabitants for a surface of 918 km 2 , including 1.446 000 urban (agglomeration) in 1999, is a third of more than population agglomerated than in Phnom Penh (1.078.000 inhabitants for the agglomeration on Phnom Penh and Kandal in 1998) and a growth of population slower than in Phnom Penh (2,2% with Hanoi agglomerated against 4,14 % with Phnom Penh). The surface of the province of Hanoi is twice and half larger than that of Phnom Penh ..

- Ho Chi Minh City : 5,5 million inhabitants (estimate 1998) for a surface of 2.093 km 2 is five times the population of Phnom Penh , but within administrative limits five times broader.

A territorial scale similar to that of these two regional metropolises would result in widening the municipal limits with a ray of about 30 km around the centre town. That would cover in fact the whole of the northern part of the province of Kandal .

Today, approximately 150 000 inhabitants of the agglomeration of Phnom Penh live apart from the limits of the municipality, in the province of Kandal, in particular in Takhmau which constitutes the southern entry of the agglomeration and along the trunk roads 1, 3, 4 and 5. The population carrying out of the migrations alternating daily towards Phnom Penh is about 250.000 people. The "population of day " of Phnom Penh exceeds 1.500.000 people thus. The establishment of the activities overflows also largely of the current administrative limits, mainly in Takhmau and along main road 4. Main road 4 accomodates about fifty factories in the twenty kilometers which are stretched since the administrative limits of the capital.

These administrative limits pose also already problems of urban management, for example for drinking water or the management supply of waste of the agglomeration which extends on Kandal.

The National institute of the Statistics estimates that the Municipality of Phnom Penh will accomodate 2.200.000 inhabitants at the horizon of the directing diagram (2020). The Office of the urban Businesses projected an estimate with 2.600.000 inhabitants in the agglomeration phnom penhoise, including L population of the urban communes agglomerated on Kandal, and a population of 3.100.000 people living in the metropolis. Thus, half of the population of Kandal will be bound by an employment in the agglomeration phnompenhois A the horizon of the directing diagram, with the widening of the metropolitan surface, the problems of coherence of installation and from urban management thus will strongly increase.

That obliges to raise the question of the territory of planning and the mode of gouvernance most adapted to answer the problems of the development of Large Phnom Penh.

Several possibilities must be analyzed:

1 - Coordination of the growth and the management of the urban services between the Municipality of Phnom Penh and the Province of Kandal . A structure of ad hoc coordination will have installation under the authority of the ministry for the Interior. The superposition of competences is likely to make completely inoperative this structure of coordination. The ministry for the Interior remains the referee in the event of dissension between the province of Kandal and the Municipality.

2 - Regrouping of the Municipality of Phnom Penh with the northern part (2.000 km 2 ) or with the unit of the Province of Kandal (4.000 km2) to create Large Phnom Penh, with a special statute for the Capital. The Publicly-owned establishments of management of the urban services all will be subjected to the supervision of Large Phnom Penh. The Capital will be equipped with a broad financial autonomy, including for the investment and the possibility of borrowing. This solution, most coherent, makes it possible at the State to emerge from the investment on Phnom Penh which can find the resources autonomous for its development with local taxes that it manages directly and the possibility of borrowing directly near the international financial backers. Large Phnom Penh affirms its solidarity with the remainder of the territory by the national taxation, which is already the case. This solution is most usually used for the management of the metropolises.

C.6 - the first scale of installation: the inscription in regional space

Phnom Penh profits from a river situation privileged on Mekong , tonlé Sap and Bassac (the site of Chaktomuk) and of a situation to the crossing of two terrestrial axes:

- an axis Thailand – Vietnam . It is about the central axis located between that which passes to the north of the lake of tonlé Sap and the coastal road. This positioning on the axis Bangkok –Ho Chi Minh Ville is ensured as regards road infrastructures (Panasiatique, with a bridge in construction to 60 km in the south-west of Phnom Penh ). It remains to confirm for the shoed connections since the basic project of a connection with Vietnam , certainly very hypothetical too expensive bus, envisages a passage to approximately 40 km in the north of Phnom Penh ¹⁰ . The directing Diagram must position on the interest to hold the possibility of making pass this connection directly by Phnom Penh , with a layout twice shorter towards Ho Chi Minh Ville, even if it is not very probable that it can be carried out at the horizon of the directing Diagram of 2020.

The corridor of development Phnom Penh –Sihanoukville, international maritime outlet of Kampuchea . This corridor is pressed primarily on two axes: northern beams RN2 - RN3 and the railway on a side, the RN4 of the other.

The first dimension of strategic planning for Phnom Penh is the installation and the layout of these major roads (in particular by-passs) and shoed in the crossing of metropolitan space and the treatment of their terminal points / intermodalities with the local area networks: logistic zones, harbour zones, stations.

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10:With this layout the distance between Phnom Penh and Ho Chi Minh Ville would be more twice the more significant by iron (480 km) that by road (230 km), which would make the train noncompetitive
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Large axes of development

D - the reception and the management of external flows

Heavy transport is done by boat on Mekong and Sap, by rail since Sihanoukville or the road in the other cases. , place terminal points of breaking bulk and their mode of management which constitute the principal stakes for the external exchanges of Phnom Penh . The platforms of exchanges, of which some will be multimode, are the principal points on which it is possible to improve the effectiveness of transport for the distribution downtown. The great infrastructures intraurbaines will have to be gauged according to the organization and of the flows generated around these platforms.

The distribution of the goods in an agglomeration of approximately three million inhabitants implies the logistic installation of tools and infrastructures of great width which should represent the priority of the future investments of the public power, with the support of the private sector.

D.1 - national road Network: a large by-pass of skirting

It is proposed a great route of by-pass Phnom Penh , which exists already partly today. With the bridge on Bassac to be envisaged, it makes it possible to connect all the network of the main roads which converge on Phnom Penh .

D.2 - harbour Installations: a maintenance in central zone

The traffic of the port of Phnom Penh has stagnated around 500.000 tons per annum, including 400.000 tons of petroleum products, for a few years. The creation of the Publicly-owned establishment of the Port authority of Phnom Penh allows a faster development of the harbour activity downtown. It will be necessary to supplement the current device on tonlé Sap by creating new spaces of unloading by optimizing the harbour installations and ensuring their good urban insertion (in particular led sufficient of the bordering districts to the river), control of the environmental risks (in particular oil warehouses with the km 4). To allow a correct operation of the harbour activities, it is in particular envisaged the possibility of creating a platform of storage which can have an intermodal dimension at the end of the northern branch of the existing shoed layout, with the km 6 ¹¹ . project of a new port on Mekong in the south of the city, which would pose difficult technical problems because of the power of the river and its action on the banks, does not seem not justified in the medium term by the foreseeable growth of the traffic, even if the traffic of containers with Vietnam develops. However, it is necessary to preserve the possibility of moving the oil warehouses of Tonlé Sap towards the downstream on Mekong for reasons environmental and of major risk. This displacement will have to be related to the creation of a shoed line which crosses the southern suburbs of Phnom Penh towards the RN 1.

The port of Sihanoukville , which currently ensures a traffic three times higher than that of Phnom Penh will remain the door of principal entry in the country. But the river transport is a complement which is of great interest and has a strong economic justification for the service road of Phnom Penh . It has also the advantage of maintaining a salutary competition between the access modes. The direct proximity of the served market is a strong argument for the maintenance of the harbour installations in central zone. Indeed, considering the short distance between Phnom Penh and the outlet of Mekong, a new port more distant from Phnom Penh would oblige with an additional breaking bulk which would make the river transport more slightly competitive compared to the road.

The activity of mini-cruisings between Phnom Penh and the lake tonlé Sap seem invited to develop and its conditions of reception will have thus to be improved.

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11:what would make it possible to connect it to a great logistic zone whose creation is proposed in the west of the agglomeration
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Evolution of the harbour traffic on Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville

D.3 - shoed Network: the rehabilitation of the existing network and a new station in the west

The rehabilitation of the 600 kilometers of the shoed network (connections towards Sihanoukville and the border thaïlandaise) is essential to ensure the safety of the traffic and a better block speed. Convey goods by train in complement of the road is necessary to the economy of the country; and also to relieve the road network, range permanently by the traffic of the trucks, very often overloaded. Moreover, if the passenger traffic broke down in ten years, passing of more than one million travellers per annum with 200.000, and must thus find its place by proposing a satisfactory quality of service, the goods traffic is strongly assembled in load these last years and approaches the 600 000 tons per annum.

On Phnom Penh , the creation of a new station to the convergence of the existing networks at the western entry of the agglomeration (Samraong) should be envisaged. The maintenance of the function of the current station in the centre town, in addition to its function of terminus travellers, would allow the carriage of goods supplying the local market the heart of the urban zone. Independently of its function of national service road, the network shoed inside the urban zone of Phnom Penh could, with a minimum investment, being the support of shuttles of public transport intra-urban.

The line of missing connection (historically) between Phnom Penh and Ho Chi Minh Ville could prove to be essential like vector of development between the two metropolises for the passenger traffic. The goods traffic will be increasingly constrained by the increase in the traffic on the road No 1 prone to a fast degradation. The line envisaged by Kompong Cham and Loc Ninh (Vietnam) corresponds to an axis of significant development at the national level but which does not offer economic interest for Phnom Penh and the surrounding provinces, which however constitutes the economic coe ur of Kampuchea. Indeed, the turning via Loc Ninh until HCMV is of 480 km, instead of 230 km by the road, that is to say more of the double. That will affect strong the cost of transport of the goods and over the time of transport of the travellers. Thus the RN1 will remain the only effective terrestrial means then to connect the two cities with a passenger traffic strongly constrained by the increase in the goods traffic.

It quickly proves necessary to create a new terrestrial bond and only the railroad will be able to answer the extent of the request.

D.4 - the current airport can satisfy the long-term needs

The air service road is a mode of désenclavement and connection on essential world air flows for Phnom Penh . But the limited character of the domestic market and the absence of airline company based of scale, do not make it possible to hope that the airport can have another function that an end of network international served via one of principal large the hubs regional (Bangkok, Singapore…), which accomodate already a traffic thirty times higher. Its current equipment enables him to accomodate a traffic of importance quite higher than the forecasts in the medium and long term¹² .

The realization of a new airport, particularly expensive investment (more than 300 M USD), thus does not seem not justified, and would be even a risky bet. The relative proximity of the center is an appreciable asset for the airport, as it is it for other airports which accomodate quite higher traffics. One can think of Orly (25 million passengers) for Paris and of Linate for Milan , preferred by the companies and the users with the airports more distant Charles-of-Gaulle and Malpensa. The example of the airport of Mirabel , to 40 km of Montreal , which did not succeed in being essential vis-a-vis the airport of Dorval located much more close to the center, is also instructive. In the same way the airport from Heathrow in London , located in the agglomeration, is one of most significant world (60 million passengers per annum). However the English government has just given up the idea of a new airport and wishes the realization of a new track with Heathrow. The experiment of Kuala Lumpur , which placed its new airport at 75 km of the centre town seems an economic aberration (time and cost of high displacement) which obliged the very expensive realization of infrastructures (motorways, express train) to allow its operation. It is not possible in Phnom Penh considering the financial resources of the state and the priorities of the Government and the international assistance (Fight against poverty, rural Development…).

However, if the lengthening of the track were to be planned to develop the traffic cargo liner and to allow takeoff full with the large transport aircrafts (A-800 or B-747), it would be preferable to make it realize as soon as possible in order to limit the costs related to expropriations (500 families, grounds on 50 hectares of which army grounds) and displacement of roads (two main roads, a private industrial road). The total cost to deal with by the State for the lengthening of the track is estimated at approximately 30 million dollars. The adjustments of the track and its accesses would be dealt with by the concessionary company of the airport. The reception of plane larger and the awaited additional levies (momentary, plane, VAT) do not justify, at the strictly economic level, such an investment on behalf of the State.

The current localization of the airport constitutes a comparative advantage compared to those of the other metropolises of the area, put aside Saigon . Indeed, the proximity with the centre town limits the duration and the cost of the transfer of the airport with the places of activity and decision. However, this comparative advantage is likely to be quickly to decrease if the connection between the airport and the city is slowed down by a badly adapted circulation too much. It thus appears priority to widen the existing roadway system until the centre town and to envisage a grid of several boulevards in the north and the south of the airport which offer as many new advisabilities to reach the centre town.

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12: the traffic of the airport is currently less than 1 million passengers per annum. With a growth of the traffic of about 5 to 7 % per annum, the traffic doubles into 15 or 20 years. The capacity of the current installations, recently rehabilitated (35 million USS of investments) is at least 5 million passengers even in the long run, which is thus largely sufficient. One can even wonder about the need for lengthening the track of 3000 m, the more so as the technological developments will make it possible to widen the range of the planes likely to be accomodated. This lengthening would have a financial cost for the State of about 30 million USS (expropriation of 500 families, 50 hectares of grounds, displacement of roads)
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D.5 - At least an intermodal logistic platform

The creation of a logistic platform with Phnom Penh ¹³is necessary to treat under good conditions flows of goods. In the current economy, the organization of the logistic functions makes the difference in economic terms of performances. A logistic platform makes it possible to gather means (various customs, safety, services…) and to offer a high level of services and competences to the companies of Phnom Penh and Kampuchea . The most interesting localization would be in direct bond with the new station which it is proposed to create at the western entry of Phnom Penh (Samraong). This sector is served by the large by-pass of skirting which connects all the network of main roads which converges on Phnom Penh . This site thus allows a good intermodal dimension road - iron, but it has also the advantage of being close to the airport and of being able to be connected by the railway at the harbour installations.
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20:probably about 50 to 100 hectares
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